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port wine
Port wine (also known as Vinho do Porto, (:ˌviɲuduˈpoɾtu), Porto, and usually simply port) is a Portuguese fortified wine produced exclusively in the Douro Valley in the northern provinces of Portugal.〔Porter, Darwin & Danforth Price (2000) ''Frommer's Portugal'' 16th ed. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. ISBN 0-02-863601-5〕 It is typically a sweet, red wine, often served as a dessert wine, though it also comes in dry, semi-dry, and white varieties. Fortified wines in the style of port are also produced outside Portugal, most notably in Australia, France, South Africa, Canada, India, Argentina, and the United States. Under European Union Protected Designation of Origin guidelines, only the product from Portugal may be labelled as ''port'' or ''Porto''.〔(Labelling of wine and certain other wine sector products ) Europa.eu〕 In the United States, wines labelled "port" may come from anywhere in the world,〔("Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives" ) 〕 while the names "Dão", "Oporto", "Porto", and "Vinho do Porto" have been recognized as foreign, non-generic names for wines originating in Portugal.〔(''United States Code of Federal Regulations'' )〕
==Region and production==
Port is produced from grapes grown and processed in the demarcated Douro region.〔Porter, Darwin & Danforth Price (2000) ''Frommer's Portugal'' 16th ed., p. 402. IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. ISBN 0-02-863601-5〕 The wine produced is then fortified by the addition of a neutral grape spirit known as aguardente in order to stop the fermentation, leaving residual sugar in the wine, and to boost the alcohol content. The fortification spirit is sometimes referred to as brandy but it bears little resemblance to commercial brandies. The wine is then stored and aged, often in barrels stored in a ''cave'' (pronounced and meaning "cellar" in Portuguese) as is the case in Vila Nova de Gaia, before being bottled. The wine received its name, "port", in the later half of the 17th century from the seaport city of Porto at the mouth of the Douro River, where much of the product was brought to market or for export to other countries in Europe. The Douro valley where port wine is produced was defined and established as a protected region, or appellation in 1756, making it the oldest defined and protected wine region in the world. Chianti (1716) and Tokaj (1730) have older demarcation but no regulation associated and thus, in terms of regulated demarcated regions, Porto is the oldest.
The reaches of the valley of the Douro River in northern Portugal have a microclimate that is optimal for cultivation of olives, almonds, and especially grapes important for making port wine. The region around Pinhão and São João da Pesqueira is considered to be the centre of port production, and is known for its picturesque ''quintas''—farms clinging on to almost vertical slopes dropping down to the river.
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